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This is a photo of the National Register of Historic Places listing with reference number 7000063

Wednesday, January 28, 2015

CFTC IMPOSES $3 MILLION PENALTY AGAINST TRADING COMPANY AND IT'S SUBSIDIARY OVER NONCOMPETITIVE TRADES

FROM:  THE U.S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION 
January 20, 2015
CFTC Imposes $3 Million Penalty against Olam International, Ltd. and Olam Americas, Inc. for Violating Cocoa Position Limits and Unlawfully Executing Noncompetitive Trades

Olam International and Olam Americas failed to disclose to the CFTC that their cocoa futures trading was not independently controlled

Washington, DC – The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) today issued an order filing and simultaneously settling charges against Singapore-based Olam International, Ltd. (Olam International), which operates a futures trading desk in London, England, and its subsidiary, Olam Americas, Inc. (Olam Americas), which is based in Summit, New Jersey and operates a futures trading desk there. Both companies purchase, sell, and trade cocoa and other agricultural products. The CFTC Order requires Olam International and Olam Americas to pay a $3 million civil monetary penalty and prohibits them from committing future violations of the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) and CFTC Regulations, as charged.

The CFTC Order finds that between February 2011 and January 2013, the cocoa futures positions of Olam International and Olam Americas were not independently controlled. Cocoa futures traders on both desks had access to each other’s position information and regularly discussed the cocoa markets; Olam Americas cocoa traders placed orders to buy and sell cocoa futures for Olam International’s account; and an Olam Americas’ cocoa trader supervised certain of Olam International’s cocoa futures trading activities between January 2012 and May 2012, according to the CFTC Order. The CFTC Order finds the accounts, therefore, should have been aggregated for purposes of complying with the applicable position limits and that, when aggregated, the cocoa futures positions of Olam International and Olam Americas exceeded the 1,000-contract spot month position limit for cocoa futures contracts traded on ICE Futures U.S. Inc. (IFUS) on six trading days between February 2011 and January 2013, in violation of the CEA.

The CFTC Order also finds that Olam International and Olam Americas impermissibly entered into exchange of futures for physical transactions (EFPs) opposite each other’s cocoa futures trading accounts. According to the CFTC Order, EFPs are noncompetitive transactions that are permitted only if conducted in compliance with exchange rules approved by the CFTC. According to the CFTC Order, although IFUS rules approved by the CFTC between February 2011 and January 2013 allowed EFPs, those rules required that the EFPs be transacted only between independently controlled accounts. Because Olam International’s and Olam Americas’ cocoa futures trading accounts were not independently controlled, the CFTC Order finds that the 64 EFPs they conducted opposite each other violated the CEA and CFTC Regulations.

Additionally, the CFTC Order finds that Olam International filed a “Statement of Reporting Trader” (Form 40) with the CFTC in 2010 and 2012, and Olam Americas filed a Form 40 with the CFTC in 2012, that failed to disclose that their cocoa futures trading accounts were not independently controlled, in violation of the CEA and CFTC Regulations. According to the CFTC Order, on February 25, 2013, Olam International and Olam Americas filed a revised Form 40 disclosing to the CFTC that they were trading cocoa futures as a single global unit. But after they began aggregating their cocoa futures positions, the CFTC Order finds that Olam International and Olam Americas exceeded the 1,000-contract spot month position limit for cocoa futures contracts traded on IFUS on yet another trading day in August 2014, in violation of the CEA.

The CFTC Division of Enforcement staff members responsible for this action are Stephanie Reinhart, David Chu, Judith McCorkle, Tom Nolan, Elizabeth Streit, Scott Williamson, and Rosemary Hollinger. Kelly Beck, Harold Hild, Matthew Hunter, and Vincent Varisano of the CFTC’s Division of Market Oversight also assisted in this matter.

Tuesday, January 27, 2015

CFTC COMMISSIONER BOWEN ON REGULATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE DERIVATIVE REGULATION

FROM:  U.S. COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION 
Statement of U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commissioner Sharon Bowen Regarding Recent Activity in the Retail Foreign Exchange Markets
January 21, 2015

Commissioner Sharon Bowen of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission issued the following statement on the subject of last week’s activity in the retail foreign exchange markets:

It is ironic, that following the enactment of Dodd-Frank, the retail foreign exchange industry is the least regulated part of the derivatives industry. I am concerned that lower standards are putting this industry in a precarious position and placing retail foreign exchange investors unnecessarily at risk. These concerns were underscored by recent unsettling events involving financial difficulties at retail foreign exchange dealers following the Swiss National Bank’s policy change regarding the Swiss Franc.

As I have said before, we have an obligation to prevent the establishment of “gaps” in our regulations. If we find that a part of the swaps or futures industry is so lightly regulated that investors, markets, and the public are being placed in undue risk, we have an obligation to fill that gap and establish a more efficient and effective regulatory regime. Even prior to these events, I raised the issue of whether enhanced regulation of retail foreign exchange would benefit consumers.

Therefore, in the wake of last week’s events, I believe the Commodity Futures Trading Commission has an obligation to seriously consider enhancing our regulations of retail foreign exchange dealers. Specifically, I believe we should consider establishing regulations on the retail foreign exchange industry that are at least as strong as the regulations on the rest of the derivatives industry.

Last Updated: January 21, 2015

Monday, January 26, 2015

ASSISTANT AG SUNG-HEE SUH'S REMARKS REGARDING SECURITIES REGULATION IN EUROPE

FROM:  U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT 
Tuesday, January 20, 2015
Deputy Assistant Attorney General Sung-Hee Suh Speaks at the PLI’s 14th Annual Institute on Securities Regulation in Europe: Implications for U.S. Law on EU Practice
Remarks As Prepared for Delivery

Thank you, Rob, for that kind introduction.  I am honored to be invited to speak on this panel with esteemed colleagues from the SEC, FCA, SFO, and the private sector.

As brief background, I am a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division.  I oversee several sections, but most relevant to my remarks today is the Fraud Section, which has principal responsibility for the prosecution of complex securities and other white-collar matters for the Criminal Division.

I would like to speak briefly this morning about the Criminal Division’s white-collar criminal enforcement priorities now and in the coming year.

We are focused on fighting corruption, cyber crime, and financial fraud, all of which present unique dangers to American citizens, as well as individuals overseas.

We are prioritizing the fight against financial fraud of all stripes—particularly at publicly traded corporations and large financial institutions—and we will follow the evidence of fraud wherever it leads, be that within or outside U.S. borders.  

The prosecution of individuals—including corporate executives—for criminal wrongdoing continues to be a high priority for the department.  That is not to say that we will be looking to charge individuals to the exclusion of corporations.

However, corporations do not act criminally, but for the actions of individuals.  And, the Criminal Division intends to prosecute those individuals, whether they are sitting on a sales desk or in a corporate suite.

It is within this framework that we are also seeking to reshape the conversation about corporate cooperation to some extent.

Corporations too often overlook a key consideration that the department has long expressed in our Principles of Federal Prosecution, which guide our prosecutorial decisions:  That is a corporation’s willingness to cooperate in the investigation of its culpable executives.

Of course, corporations—like individuals—are not required to cooperate.  A corporation may make a business or strategic decision not to cooperate.  However, if a corporation does elect to cooperate with the department, it should be mindful of the fact that the department does not view voluntary disclosure as true cooperation, if the company avoids identifying the individuals who are criminally responsible for the corporate misconduct.

Even the identification of culpable individuals is not true cooperation, if the company intentionally fails to locate and provide facts and evidence at their disposal that implicate those individuals.  The Criminal Division will be looking long and hard at corporations who purport to cooperate, but fail to provide timely and full information about the criminal misconduct of their executives.

In the past year, the Criminal Division has demonstrated its continued commitment to the prosecution of individual wrongdoers in the corporate context.  I will highlight a few examples.

On the FCPA front, since 2009, we have convicted 50 individuals in FCPA and FCPA-related cases, and resolved criminal cases against 59 companies with penalties and forfeiture of almost $4 billion.  Within the last two years alone, we have charged, resolved by plea, or unsealed cases against 26 individuals, and 14 corporations have resolved FCPA violations with combined penalties and forfeiture of more than $1.6 billion.

As just one example, the department unsealed charges against the former co-CEOs and general counsel of PetroTiger Ltd., a BVI oil and gas company with offices in New Jersey, for allegedly paying bribes to an official in Colombia in exchange for assistance in securing approval for an oil services contract worth $39 million.

The general counsel and one of the CEOs already pleaded guilty to bribery and fraud charges, and the other former CEO is headed for trial.

This case was brought to the attention of the department through voluntary disclosure by PetroTiger, which cooperated with the department’s investigation.  Notably, no charges of any kind were filed against PetroTiger.

An example on the flip side is the Alstom case, an FCPA investigation stemming from a widespread scheme involving tens of millions of dollars in bribes spanning the globe, including Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the Bahamas.

When the Criminal Division learned of the misconduct and launched an investigation, Alstom opted not to cooperate at the outset.  What ensued was an extensive multi-tool investigation involving recordings, interviews, subpoenas, MLAT requests, the use of cooperating witnesses, and more.

As of today, four individual Alstom executives have been charged; three of them have pleaded guilty; Alstom’s consortium partner, Marubeni, was charged and pleaded guilty; and Alstom pleaded guilty and agreed to pay a record $772 million fine.  And that only accounts for the charges in the United States.

As I have said, we want corporations to cooperate, and will provide appropriate incentives.  But, we will not rely exclusively upon corporate cooperation to make our cases against the individual wrongdoers.

On the securities and commodities fraud front, protecting the integrity of our global financial markets continues to be a priority for the Criminal Division.  Our investigations into the manipulation of the LIBOR and FX at global financial institutions have received substantial publicity.

So far, five banks have resolved the LIBOR investigation with the department, paying more than $1.2 billion to the department alone.  And 11 individuals have been charged, two of whom have pleaded guilty.  And again, that only accounts for the charges in the United States.  We expect both the LIBOR and FX investigations to continue to develop, both against the financial institutions themselves, as well as culpable individual executives.

To do these complex, international investigations, we are increasingly coordinating with domestic and foreign regulators and law enforcement counterparts, some of whom are on this panel today.

In working with our foreign counterparts, we have developed growing sophistication and experience in a variety of areas, including analyzing foreign data privacy laws and corporations’ claims that overseas documents cannot be provided to investigators in the United States.

We are also building and relying upon on our relationships with our foreign counterparts to gather evidence, locate individuals overseas, conduct parallel investigations of similar conduct, and, when appropriate, coordinate the timing and scope of resolutions.

Yes, just as we are coordinating our investigations, we are likewise willing to coordinate our resolutions, including accounting for the corporate monetary penalties paid in other jurisdictions when appropriate.

This is all to say that you should expect to see these meaningful, multinational investigations and prosecutions of corporations and individuals to continue.

With that, I am looking forward to hearing the remarks of my fellow panelists and discussing these important issues with you in more detail.

Sunday, January 25, 2015

CFTC CHAIRMAN MASSAD SPEAKS AT MONETARY AUTHORITY OF SINGAPORE ON REGULATION

Keynote Address by Chairman Timothy G. Massad before the Monetary Authority of Singapore

The Future of Financial Market Regulation

January 23, 2015
As Prepared For Delivery
Introduction
Good morning. I want to thank Lucien for that kind introduction. I also want to thank Ravi Menon and the MAS and the Singapore Academy of Law for inviting me and for organizing this excellent conference. It is a privilege and a pleasure to be here. I am also very pleased to be here with Masa Kono, with whom I spent some time in Tokyo earlier this week, and I look forward to our panel shortly with Ong Chong Tee.
While this is my first trip here as Chairman of the CFTC, I am no stranger to Singapore. I spent five years living in Hong Kong and working in the region as a lawyer in private practice.
It’s great to have the opportunity to visit Asia again. I began my trip in Beijing and was also in Hong Kong earlier this week.
My five years in Asia were some of the best years in my life. The work was interesting, and getting to know the various countries and cultures in Asia was fascinating. I met my wife here—though she happens to be from St. Paul, Minnesota. She is a fluent Mandarin speaker who spent many years in Beijing and Taipei. She fell in love with the language and wanted to have a legal career that revolved around Asia. I, on the other hand, was a complete novice to the region. I fell in love both with her and with Asia.
I have many fond memories of my time in Asia, including many fond memories of Singapore. During those years, I came here many times, and made many good friends. As I learned more about your history, my respect and admiration grew. In 200 days you will celebrate the 50th anniversary of your independence. What you have built and accomplished over the last fifty years is simply staggering. Lee Kuan Yue said, “Some countries are born independent. Some achieve independence. Singapore had independence thrust upon it.” You certainly seized the mantle once it was thrust upon you. The relationship between our countries has also become very important over those years, another reason why I am pleased to be here today.
I want to talk today about where we are in the process of global financial regulatory reform. I want to talk about Singapore’s role in that effort and why that effort is important to the prospects for growth here and throughout Asia. But I want to first say a few more words about my path to standing in front of you today, and how it shapes my perspective on these issues.
My Experience in Asia
During my time in Asia, I had the privilege to work with the MAS, Temasek, and many fine corporate leaders, bankers, and lawyers here on a variety of transactions. I had the honor of being the United States counsel for the initial public offering of SGX, and the merger of the cash equities and derivatives exchanges. I had done a lot of public offering and securities work throughout my career. And my derivatives work began as a young lawyer, when I represented the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (or ISDA), and helped lay the groundwork for the modern financial derivatives industry. I was one of a handful of lawyers who worked for over a year to draft the first master agreements for swaps; before that, swaps were documented on 50 page agreements.
The SGX offering was a landmark transaction for Singapore. It was a pleasure to work with Joe Pillay, who was then chairman, the MAS, Lucien Wong, and many others on this important transaction.
But my stay in Asia began at a difficult time. It was in June of 1997 that I agreed with my firm that I would move to Hong Kong. It was right before the handover by the British. Things were booming in Hong Kong, China, and throughout Southeast Asia at the time. There was lots of work for bankers and lawyers.
But a few weeks after I agreed to move, the Thai baht collapsed. By the time I arrived in January 1998, the baht had lost over 50% of its value, and the crisis had spread throughout Southeast Asia. Singapore suffered, though not nearly as badly as others. I know you all remember this period well.
I spent much of the first year or so I was in Asia on transactions involving sales of distressed debt by Thailand and Korea.
I recount all this because, while it’s hard to predict or plan out your career or your life, when you look back, you can often see how one experience led to another, and how those experiences shape your views.
When I was working on distressed debt sales by the governments of Thailand and Korea during the Asian financial crisis, I never would have guessed that ten years later I would oversee the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the key U.S. response to the 2008 global financial crisis.
When I was helping to standardize the swaps market through the writing of the first master agreements in the late 1980s, I never would have guessed that twenty five years later I would have the responsibility to lead the efforts of the United States to bring much greater transparency and cross-border harmonization to the swaps market.
And similarly, when I was meeting just down the road at the offices of SGX to prepare them for an initial public offering, I never would have guessed that, fifteen years later, I would be back here to meet with SGX as chairman of the CFTC.
But I have drawn on these experiences in this job and at Treasury, when I was helping the United States recover from the worst financial crisis we have experienced since the Great Depression.
Learning from the Past Crises
Looking back not only reminds us of how we got here; the perspective can inform our way forward. That is true for nations as well as individuals. It is particularly relevant when we think about the next steps in financial regulatory reform.
Looking back teaches us more than a little humility. When the Asian financial crisis occurred, many in the West were quick to point out why the West would not catch what was sometimes referred to as the “Asian flu.” Some people said our markets and financial regulatory system were more mature, more transparent, and better supervised. They said that all of those things made us more resilient to shocks. Well, not resilient enough. Those things didn’t mean we wouldn’t have our own crisis. They didn’t inoculate us from the dangers that can occur when risks are not properly understood, when authorities believe markets are fully self-policing.
By the same token, recall some of the things that were said after Asia had recovered from its crisis, and in the years before the financial crisis, about “decoupling”. People began to suggest that the Asian economies had “decoupled” from the economies of the West. No longer were they dependent on what happened in the West. Slow growth or even more serious problems in the West would not affect the dynamic growth in Asia.
Well, that didn’t prove true either. The Asian economies did not escape the collateral damage of the 2008 financial crisis. And that should not surprise us, given the severity of the shocks. In the United States, we lost eight million jobs and millions lost their homes in foreclosure. Our economy was in free-fall. And with markets so interconnected, the shock waves reverberated worldwide.
Looking back on these crises is helpful as we think about the way forward when it comes to financial regulatory reform today.
The Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis illustrate the speed with which capital can move, and the speed with which markets can fall, when problems hit. And these crises remind us that the economies of the United States and Asia are strongly intertwined. What we do affects you. What happens here affects us. We are all in this together.
The Importance of Asia’s Role in Financial Regulatory Reform
Simply put, that is why I am here. I am here because Singapore and other countries in Asia are critically important in building a new global regulatory framework for derivatives. Our effort to build that framework can only fully succeed if we act together.
Building this new regulatory framework is important for Asia because well-developed derivatives markets can propel growth in the real economy.
The Asian derivatives markets are growing rapidly. Today the Asian derivatives markets represent nearly a third of global futures and options volume measured by number of contracts, and continued growth is to be expected. China is liberalizing its markets, which will bring further opportunity. The commencement of the HK – Shanghai Stock Connect is very important, as are their plans to introduce an oil futures contract that would be open to foreign participation. And I know you have had success in growing the Singapore market, a subject to which I will return in a moment.
Let me turn then to discuss where we are in the process of building the global regulatory framework with respect to derivatives, and the importance of your role in that process.
In 2008, we learned how over-the-counter swaps could accelerate and intensify the financial crisis. Of course, in normal times, the derivatives markets provide significant benefits to our economies. They enable airlines to hedge the costs of fuel, manufacturers to hedge the price of industrial metals, exporters to manage fluctuations in foreign currencies, and businesses of all types to lock in borrowing costs.
But in 2008, swaps worsened the crisis. The swaps market had grown to be a massive, global market that was unregulated. Participants had taken on risk that they didn’t always fully understand, and that was opaque to regulators. The interconnectedness of large institutions meant that trouble at one firm could easily cascade through the system.
In response, the leaders of the G-20 nations agreed to bring the swaps market out of the shadows and achieve greater transparency. They agreed to implement four fundamental reforms: require central clearing of standardized swaps through regulated clearinghouses; require regular reporting so that regulators and the public can have a view of what is happening in the market; require oversight of the largest market participants; and require transparent trading of swaps on regulated platforms.
Let’s pause just to reflect on the fact that the nations comprising the G-20 agreed on how to reform the swap market. That illustrates how far we have come. At the time of the Asian financial crisis, there was no G-20, nor was there a Financial Stability Board. There was no simple way to agree to global reforms.
A G-20 communique only goes so far, however. The task of actually writing laws and developing rules remains with individual nation states.
What makes this reform effort unique and especially challenging is that we must regulate what is already a global market, but we can only do so through the actions of individual countries, each of which has its own legal traditions, regulatory philosophies, political processes, and market concerns. That can lead to differences.
Now in most areas of financial regulation, the fact that there are differences between national laws wouldn’t be news. Consider the laws that govern how corporations sell securities, which vary significantly among jurisdictions. When we did the SGX offering, for example, it was structured legally as a public offering in Singapore, but that did not entitle us to sell securities publicly in other countries. Whether we could sell, and how, depended on the laws in those jurisdictions. The fact is the U.S. and many other countries established their securities laws long before there was a global securities market, and we are not trying to make all those laws the same.
But the swaps industry grew to be a global market before there was any regulation. So today, many participants expect harmonization. They expect it in timing of implementation as well as in the substance of the reforms. Indeed, they are critical that we haven’t achieved it yet.
I would say that those who are critical are looking at the glass as half empty; I see it as half full.
The fact is the G-20 nations have agreed on necessary reforms and are moving in the same direction. We have made great progress, and we will continue to do so, but it will take time.
Another challenge in regulating this global swaps market is the fact that a country’s financial stability can be threatened by offshore swaps activity. In the U.S., we experienced this first-hand with AIG, which nearly failed because it took on excessive swap risk through operations located in London. The failure of AIG, at that time, in those circumstances, could have triggered another Great Depression. As a result, U.S. taxpayers were required to commit $182 billion to prevent this one company’s collapse. I spent a significant part of my time at Treasury working to recover those monies on behalf of American taxpayers, and so I am very aware of the need to address cross-border risk.
But we also know that there are limits to the reach of any one country’s laws. We recognize the importance of harmonizing our rules with those of other nations where possible. And, at the CFTC, I have made it a priority to work with my international counterparts on these issues.
I am pleased that Singapore and other countries in Asia have taken many steps to implement these reforms. I think that’s good for you, and for us.
I talked earlier about the growth generally of the Asian derivatives markets and the prospects for future growth. Let me say a few more words about growth here in Singapore. What you have done to date is quite impressive. You have developed a wide range of products since the time I was here for the IPO. Your success with equity derivatives is particularly notable, including those based on China’s and Japan’s markets. The Wall Street Journal ran a feature story on derivatives innovation at SGX last month. And more generally, you have built a very successful financial services industry, and no doubt you are looking at the best ways to continue to grow your financial markets and the industry generally in the future.
Part of the answer is surely a sound regulatory framework. History demonstrates that markets are strongest when they are built on a firm foundation of transparency and sensible oversight. Consider how successful was the framework for securities regulation that the U.S. implemented in response to securities scandals in the Great Depression. And you have focused on creating a strong regulatory structure to date.
The goal of the reforms we are adopting today should be to create a framework in which the derivatives markets can continue to thrive and develop, here, and throughout Asia, and throughout the world.
The framework must bring transparency, integrity, and oversight, but, at the same time, provide predictability to market participants, and encourage innovation and competition.
So let me turn to discuss where we are on the four key areas of reform—clearing and clearinghouse regulation, market data, oversight of market participants and trading.
Clearing and Clearinghouse Oversight
Clearing is perhaps the most important reform in terms of reducing systemic risk. But we must remember that central clearing does not eliminate risk.
We are making substantial progress in requiring clearing of standardized swaps. The percentage of transactions that are centrally cleared in the markets we oversee has gone from 15% in December 2007 to about 75% today. Globally, the FSB reports that the percentage is close to half, again up substantially over the last few years. Some countries in Asia have implemented mandates, such as Japan, which did so in 2013, thanks in part to Masa’s leadership. Other countries are still working on theirs.
But now that we are requiring more clearing, we must make clearinghouse supervision a top priority. We must make sure that clearinghouses themselves do not pose risk to the stability of the financial system.
Doing so requires regulators from different countries to work together effectively. The fact is that a small number of clearinghouses are becoming increasingly important single points of risk in the global financial system. Their importance transcends national borders. Their importance transcends swaps—they handle clearing for many products.
And here, I want to congratulate the MAS and SGX for implementing and adhering to high standards. In December 2013, SGX became the first Asian clearinghouse registered with the U.S., which means it can clear swaps for U.S. participants. And just last week, I understand Mizuho Securities became the first clearing member on SGX registered with us.
Our dual registration system came about originally because we took a very non-territorial view as to where clearing must occur. The U.S. did not mandate that clearing of futures traded on U.S. exchanges must take place in the U.S.; we simply required that it take place through clearinghouses that are registered with us and that meet certain standards.
This dual registration system has been the foundation on which the swaps market grew to be a global market. The clearinghouse LCH, which now handles 85% of swaps clearing, is based in Europe, and has been registered with us since 2001.
Today, we are also continuing to work with Europe on harmonizing our rules with theirs as much as possible with respect to clearinghouse supervision. And we are working out cooperative supervision arrangements with them.
We do not take the view that every clearinghouse in the world must register with us. The CFTC previously granted temporary relief from registration to several clearinghouses where the clearing for U.S. persons is limited to clearing members and their affiliates. We did this for clearinghouses in Hong Kong, South Korea, India, and Australia. We are currently working with those four clearinghouses on permanent exemptions, and we hope to have those in place later this year. They can also apply to register with us should they wish at a later date to engage in clearing for U.S. customers.
I believe cooperation among regulators with respect to clearinghouse supervision will be increasingly critical given the increasing importance that major clearinghouses play in the global financial system. I expect that there will be significant dialogue among regulators about clearinghouse standards and strength. Margining standards will be a critical piece of this discussion. So will stress testing. We will need to make sure that the financial, managerial, and operational resources of major clearinghouses are adequate, and in particular that liquidity is adequate. We will need to focus on clearinghouse recovery and resolution. And we will also be very focused on cybersecurity, which is perhaps the most important single risk to global financial stability today.
Market Data
The second area of reform is the collection and analysis of data. The establishment of swap data repositories in the U.S., and trade repositories abroad, is bringing unprecedented transparency to the swaps market.
Data enables regulatory authorities to engage in meaningful oversight. Robust surveillance and enforcement, so critical to maintaining market integrity, depends on the availability of accurate market data. And increased transparency helps market participants by increasing competition, facilitating the price discovery process, and enhancing confidence in the integrity of the market. It also enables participants and regulatory authorities to understand systemic risk exposures.
We have come a long way from 2008, when we knew very little about the exposures in this market. Today we have real-time information on prices and volumes of traded swaps, and we are in a much better position to monitor risk. But we have a considerable amount of work still to do to collect and use derivatives market data effectively. We must harmonize data reporting standards and make sure that market participants fulfill their obligations to provide accurate and timely reports. There are four data repositories in the U.S. and more than 20 others internationally, plus thousands of participants who must report data. This is a challenging task that will take time.
Important work is going on today. We and the European Central Bank currently co-chair a global task force that is seeking to standardize data standards internationally. While much of this work is highly technical, it is vitally important to international cooperation and transparency. Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong are all participating in that process, but I encourage you to become even more active in helping to lead this effort. We need your involvement.
Oversight of Market Participants
Let me turn to a third reform area agreed to by the G-20, which is oversight of major market players. I want to focus on two aspects in particular. The first is margin requirements for uncleared swaps. And I want to focus on this for two reasons—one is its importance, and the second is what it says about international harmonization. This rule is important because uncleared, bilateral swap transactions will continue to be a large part of the derivatives market. And setting margin requirements for the largest players in this market will be a significant tool to mitigate risk to the financial system as a whole.
This is also an opportunity to make the rules in the U.S., Asia, and Europe substantially similar from the outset. The CFTC recently proposed margin rules for uncleared swaps, which are similar to those being developed in Japan and Europe. Collectively, the rules reflect a set of standards agreed to by a broader international consensus. There are some differences, and I hope that we can minimize those in the months ahead. I also hope similar reforms will be adopted by Singapore.
Another important area is risk mitigation standards, such as confirmation, documentation, portfolio reconciliation, compression, and valuation. These risk mitigation techniques are essential for addressing operational and other risks faced by market participants, and are based on industry best practices that were developed over many years. I congratulate Singapore for having co-chaired an international committee in this area. That committee is producing international standards, and the U.S. has implemented rules consistent with those standards.
Trading
Finally, let me say a word about swaps trading as well as futures trading. The CFTC has implemented a trading mandate for swaps as well as rules for swap execution facilities. Today we are looking at ways to fine tune those rules, so that we enhance transparency and market integrity, but also allow market participants the freedom to innovate and compete as much as possible. It is challenging to be the first mover with swaps trading in a market that has been global, unregulated and highly mobile. So we look forward to other jurisdictions implementing their trading mandates. My impression is there is still some work to be done in most Asian countries on this issue. As you consider this, we are open to your ideas and happy to work with you.
I also want to talk about trading of futures. We generally do not regulate the trading of futures on offshore exchanges. U.S. citizens are free to trade futures on exchanges located in other countries. However, we have in the past required foreign exchanges to apply for relief from our registration requirements if they wish to provide direct electronic access to U.S. citizens. We have now formalized that process so that foreign exchanges, which we refer to as foreign boards of trade or FBOTs, can be officially registered with us.
Today I am pleased to announce that we have approved the foreign board of trade registration application for the SGX derivatives exchange. I congratulate you and look forward to working with you.
I would also like to announce that we have approved the application for Bursa Malaysia, and two days ago, while in Tokyo, I announced we approved the application for the Tokyo Commodities Exchange (or TOCOM). These approvals recognize the increasing interconnectedness of the global derivatives markets and the importance of Asia in that development. The approvals also demonstrate our commitment to a coordinated regulatory approach that relies on foreign supervisory authorities and ongoing cooperation. I am delighted that these exchanges have this status, and we look forward to continuing to work with them as well as any other Asian exchanges that intend to register.
Conclusion
Let me conclude with this: markets thrive where there is confidence and integrity. You saw how quickly markets lost confidence when the Asian financial crisis hit. And we all saw how quickly that happened in 2008.
Market confidence requires transparency, which in turn requires good regulation. Since 2008, the global community has made significant progress implementing reform. We are all stronger and more resilient as a result.
But there is much more to do, and it requires action by all of us—the U.S., Asia, and Europe.
We in the U.S. stand ready to work with you to implement the G-20 commitments. We look forward to creating a foundation that will enable all of our markets to thrive, and economies to grow into the future.
Thank you again for inviting me today.

Last Updated: January 22, 2015

Saturday, January 24, 2015

SEC OBTAINS FREEZE AGAINST ASSETS OF INVESTMENT ADVISERS CHARGED WITH MISAPPROPRIATION

FROM:  U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Litigation Release No. 23178 / January 22, 2015

Securities and Exchange Commission v. Daniel Thibeault, et al., Civil Action No. 1:15-cv-10050 (D. MA)

SEC Obtains Asset Freeze Against Massachusetts-Based Investment Advisers Charged with Misappropriation of Money from an Investment Fund'

The Securities and Exchange Commission yesterday announced that a federal court has imposed an asset freeze against a group of Massachusetts-based investment advisory companies and their President/CEO, based on the alleged misappropriation of at least $16 million from an investment fund.

Judge Nathaniel Gorton of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts granted the SEC's request for an emergency court order to freeze the assets of the following defendants, who are charged in a complaint filed by the SEC on January 9, 2015:

Daniel Thibeault of Framingham, Massachusetts;
Graduate Leverage, LLC, an asset management and financial advisory firm based in Waltham, Massachusetts, of which Thibeault is the principal owner, president and Chief Executive Officer;
GL Capital Partners, LLC, an investment adviser based in Waltham, Massachusetts that is controlled by Thibeault;
GL Investment Services, LLC, an investment adviser based in Waltham, Massachusetts that is indirectly owned by Thibeault;
Taft Financial Services, LLC, which is based in Texas and is believed to be controlled by Thibeault; and
two other parties as relief defendants based on their receipt of investor funds: GL Advisor Solutions, Inc., a corporation based in the Philippines that is controlled by Graduate Leverage, LLC and Thibeault; and Shawnet Thibeault, who is Daniel Thibeault's wife.
In addition to the asset freeze, the court also ordered certain preliminary relief against the defendants, including, variously, preliminary injunctions, an accounting of investor funds and all assets in their possession, a repatriation of all foreign assets that were obtained directly or indirectly from investors, and a prohibition from soliciting or accepting additional investments.

The SEC's complaint alleges that GL Capital Partners, LLC and its principal, Daniel Thibeault, were the investment advisers to a fund called the GL Beyond Income Fund, and that they misappropriated at least $16 million of the money that belonged to this fund. The GL Beyond Income Fund's assets consisted primarily of individual variable rate consumer loans. According to the complaint, Thibeault and other defendants solicited investments in the GL Beyond Income Fund by representing that investors' money would be pooled and used to make or purchase consumer loans. These consumer loans would then constitute assets of the GL Beyond Income Fund, and would provide a return to the investors when interest and principal payments were made on the loans. The SEC alleges that beginning in 2013 or earlier, Thibeault and the other defendants engaged in a scheme to create fictitious loans to divert investor money from the GL Beyond Income Fund, and to report these fake loans as assets of the GL Beyond Income Fund. This scheme was designed to conceal the fact that Thibeault and the other defendants had misappropriated millions of dollars from the GL Beyond Income Fund. According to the SEC's complaint, the scheme involved the fabrication of paperwork purporting to reflect numerous six-figure consumer loans using the names and personal information of individuals who were unaware that loans were being originated in their names. The complaint further alleges that money from the GL Beyond Income Fund was disbursed to fund these fictitious loans, but the borrowed money did not go to the purported borrowers whose names appeared on the documentation. Instead, it went to Thibeault and other defendants. The SEC alleges that Thibeault and other defendants misappropriated the money from the fake loans and used it for personal expenses and to run businesses other than the GL Beyond Income Fund, as well as to perpetuate the scheme by making "interest payments" on fake loans.

The SEC charges that the defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder and Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 and that Thibeault, GL Capital Partners, LLC, and GL Investment Services, LLC, also violated Sections 206(1) and 206(2) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The SEC seeks permanent injunctions, disgorgement of ill-gotten gains plus prejudgment interest, and civil penalties against each of these defendants. The SEC also seeks disgorgement plus prejudgment interest from relief defendants GL Advisor Solutions, Inc. and Shawnet Thibeault.

Friday, January 23, 2015

S&P TO PAY OVER $77 MILLION TO SETTLE CASE INVOLVING CMBS RATINGS

 FROM:  U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington D.C., Jan. 21, 2015 — The Securities and Exchange Commission today announced a series of federal securities law violations by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services involving fraudulent misconduct in its ratings of certain commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS).

S&P agreed to pay more than $58 million to settle the SEC’s charges, plus an additional $19 million to settle parallel cases announced today by the New York Attorney General’s office ($12 million) and the Massachusetts Attorney General’s office ($7 million).

“Investors rely on credit rating agencies like Standard & Poor’s to play it straight when rating complex securities like CMBS,” said Andrew J. Ceresney, Director of the SEC Enforcement Division.  “But Standard & Poor’s elevated its own financial interests above investors by loosening its rating criteria to obtain business and then obscuring these changes from investors.  These enforcement actions, our first-ever against a major ratings firm, reflect our commitment to aggressively policing the integrity and transparency of the credit ratings process.”

The SEC issued three orders instituting settled administrative proceedings against S&P.  One order, in which S&P made certain admissions, addressed S&P’s practices in its conduit fusion CMBS ratings methodology.  S&P’s public disclosures affirmatively misrepresented that it was using one approach when it actually used a different methodology in 2011 to rate six conduit fusion CMBS transactions and issue preliminary ratings on two more transactions.  As part of this settlement, S&P agreed to take a one-year timeout from rating conduit fusion CMBS.

Another SEC order found that after being frozen out of the market for rating conduit fusion CMBS in late 2011, S&P sought to re-enter that market in mid-2012 by overhauling its ratings criteria.  To illustrate the relative conservatism of its new criteria, S&P published a false and misleading article purporting to show that its new credit enhancement levels could withstand Great Depression-era levels of economic stress.  S&P’s research relied on flawed and inappropriate assumptions and was based on data that was decades removed from the severe losses of the Great Depression.  According to the SEC’s order, S&P’s original author of the study expressed concerns that the firm’s CMBS group had turned the article into a “sales pitch” for the new criteria, and that the removal of certain information from the article could lead to him “sit[ting] in front of [the] Department of Justice or the SEC.”  The SEC’s order further finds that S&P failed to accurately describe certain aspects of its new criteria in the formal publication setting forth their operation.  Without admitting or denying the findings in the order, S&P agreed to publicly retract the false and misleading Great Depression-related study and correct the inaccurate descriptions in the publication about its criteria.

“These CMBS-related enforcement actions against S&P demonstrate that ‘race to the bottom’ behavior by ratings firms will not be tolerated by the SEC and other regulators.  When ratings standards are compromised in pursuit of market share, a firm’s disclosures cannot tell a different story,” said Michael J. Osnato, Chief of the SEC Enforcement Division’s Complex Financial Instruments Unit.

A third SEC order issued in this case involved internal controls failures in S&P’s surveillance of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) ratings.  The order finds that S&P allowed breakdowns in the way it conducted ratings surveillance of previously-rated RMBS from October 2012 to June 2014.  S&P changed an important assumption in a way that made S&P’s ratings less conservative, and was inconsistent with the specific assumptions set forth in S&P’s published criteria describing its ratings methodology.  S&P did not follow its internal policies for making changes to its surveillance criteria and instead applied ad hoc workarounds that were not fully disclosed to investors.  Without admitting or denying the findings in the order, S&P agreed to extensive undertakings to enhance and improve its internal controls environment.  S&P self-reported this particular misconduct to the SEC and cooperated with the investigation, enabling the Enforcement Division to resolve the case more quickly and efficiently and resulting in a reduced penalty for the firm.

The SEC’s orders find that S&P violated Section 17(a)(1) of the Securities Act (fraud), Section 15E(c)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act  (internal controls violations), Securities Exchange Rules 17g-2(a)(2)(iii) (books and records violations), Rule 17g-2(a)(6) (books and records violations), and 17g-2(a)(2)(iii) (failure to maintain records explaining differences between numerical model output and ratings).

In a separate order instituting a litigated administrative proceeding, the SEC Enforcement Division alleges that the former head of S&P’s CMBS Group fraudulently misrepresented the manner in which the firm calculated a critical aspect of certain CMBS ratings in 2011.  Barbara Duka allegedly instituted the shift to more issuer-friendly ratings criteria, and the firm failed to properly disclose the less rigorous methodology.  The matter against Duka will be scheduled for a public hearing before an administrative law judge for proceedings to adjudicate the Enforcement Division’s allegations and determine what, if any, remedial actions are appropriate.

The SEC’s investigation was conducted by the Enforcement Division’s Complex Financial Instruments Unit and led by John Smith in the Denver office, Robert Leidenheimer and Lawrence Renbaum in the Washington D.C. office, and Joshua Brodsky in the New York office with assistance from Daniel Nigro and Judy Bizu.  The litigation against Duka will be led by Stephen McKenna of the Denver office.  The cases were supervised by Laura Metcalfe, Reid Muoio, and Mr. Osnato.  The Enforcement Division worked closely with the SEC’s Office of Credit Ratings in these matters, particularly Thomas Butler, Michele Wilham, Natasha Kaden, Julia Kiel, Kenneth Godwin, and David Nicolardi.

The SEC appreciates the assistance of the New York Attorney General’s office and the Massachusetts Attorney General’s office.